Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of valid accounts, usernames, or email addresses on a system or within a compromised environment. This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist, which can aid in follow-on behavior such as brute-forcing, spear-phishing attacks, or account takeovers (e.g., [Valid Accounts](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/a9b7eb2f-63e7-41bc-9d77-f7c4cede5406)).Adversaries may use several methods to enumerate accounts, including abuse of existing tools, built-in commands, and potential misconfigurations that leak account names and roles or permissions in the targeted environment.For examples, cloud environments typically provide easily accessible interfaces to obtain user lists. On hosts, adversaries can use default [PowerShell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/6ca7838a-e8ad-43e8-9da6-15b640d1cbde) and other command line functionality to identify accounts. Information about email addresses and accounts may also be extracted by searching an infected system’s files.
Adversaries may communicate using OSI application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server.Adversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS. For connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), commonly used protocols are SMB, SSH, or RDP.
Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.When automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/89203cae-d3f1-4eef-9b5a-29042eb05d19) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/192d25ea-bae1-48e4-88de-e0acd481ab88).
Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, macOS and Linux distributions include some flavor of [Unix Shell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/3eafcd8b-0cb8-4d23-8785-3f80a3c897c7) while Windows installations include the [Windows Command Shell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/be095bcc-4769-4010-b2db-3033d01efdbe) and [PowerShell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/6ca7838a-e8ad-43e8-9da6-15b640d1cbde).There are also cross-platform interpreters such as [Python](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/68fed1c9-e060-4c4d-83d9-d8c817893d65), as well as those commonly associated with client applications such as [JavaScript](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/8a669da8-8894-4fb0-9124-c3c8418985cc) and [Visual Basic](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/0340ed34-6db2-4979-bf73-2c16855867b4).Adversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://app.tidalcyber.com/tactics/586a5b49-c566-4a57-beb4-e7c667f9c34c) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells, as well as utilize various [Remote Services](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/30ef3f13-5e9b-4712-9adf-f0da4ef157a1) in order to achieve remote Execution.[[Powershell Remote Commands](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/24c526e1-7199-45ca-99b4-75e75c7041cd)][[Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance – Command History](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/dbca06dd-1184-4d52-9ee8-b059e368033c)][[Remote Shell Execution in Python](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/4ea54256-42f9-4b35-8f9e-e595ab9be9ce)]
Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.[[Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/25a2e179-7abd-4091-8af4-e9d2bf24ef11)] Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.For example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\Login Data and executing a SQL query: SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function CryptUnprotectData, which uses the victim’s cached logon credentials as the decryption key.[[Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/258088ae-96c2-4520-8eb5-1a7e540a9a24)]Adversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc.[[Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/c52fe62f-4df4-43b0-a126-2df07dc61fc0)][[FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/7ad228a8-5450-45ec-86fc-ea038f7c6ef7)] Windows stores Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge credentials in Credential Lockers managed by the [Windows Credential Manager](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/9503955c-fa53-452a-b717-7e23bfb4df83).
Adversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.[[GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/2e0a95b2-3f9a-4638-9bc5-ff1f3ac2af4b)]
After acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary’s objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).
Adversaries may encode data to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64, MIME, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems.[[Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/9b3820e8-f094-4e87-9ed6-ab0207d509fb)][[Wikipedia Character Encoding](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/3e7df20f-5d11-4102-851f-04e89c25d12f)] Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.
Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems and configuration files or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.Adversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/a2184d53-63b1-4c40-81ed-da799080c36c), such as [cmd](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/98d89476-63ec-4baf-b2b3-86c52170f5d8) as well as a [Network Device CLI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/284bfbb3-99f0-4c3d-bc1f-ab74065b7907), which have functionality to interact with the file system to gather information.[[show_run_config_cmd_cisco](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/5a68a45a-a53e-5d73-a82a-0cc951071aef)] Adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/107ad6c5-79b1-468c-9519-1578bee2ac49) on the local system.
Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/046cc07e-8700-4536-9c5b-6ecb384f52b0) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.One such example is the use of [certutil](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/2fe21578-ee31-4ee8-b6ab-b5f76f97d043) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file.[[Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/735647f9-9cd4-4a20-8812-4671a3358e46)] Another example is using the Windows copy /b command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload.[[Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/bed8ae68-9738-46fb-abc9-0004fa35636a)]Sometimes a user’s action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/b84435ab-2ff4-4b6f-ba71-b4b815474872). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. [[Volexity PowerDuke November 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/4026c055-6020-41bb-a4c8-54b308867023)]
Adversaries may employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.
Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.
Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/1492c4ba-c933-47b8-953d-6de3db8cfce8) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.Many command shell utilities can be used to obtain this information. Examples include dir, tree, ls, find, and locate.[[Windows Commands JPCERT](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/9d935f7f-bc2a-4d09-a51a-82074ffd7d77)] Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the [Native API](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/1120f5ec-ef1b-4596-8d8b-a3979a766560). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/284bfbb3-99f0-4c3d-bc1f-ab74065b7907) on network devices to gather file and directory information (e.g. dir, show flash, and/or nvram).[[US-CERT-TA18-106A](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/1fe55557-94af-4697-a675-884701f70f2a)]
Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as firewalls and anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may also span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users and administrators.Adversaries may also impair routine operations that contribute to defensive hygiene, such as blocking users from logging out of a computer or stopping it from being shut down. These restrictions can further enable malicious operations as well as the continued propagation of incidents.[[Emotet shutdown](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/02e6c7bf-f81c-53a3-b771-fd77d4cdb5a0)]Adversaries could also target event aggregation and analysis mechanisms, or otherwise disrupt these procedures by altering other system components.
Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Tools or files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system to the victim network through the command and control channel or through alternate protocols such as [ftp](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/062deac9-8f05-44e2-b347-96b59ba166ca). Once present, adversaries may also transfer/spread tools between victim devices within a compromised environment (i.e. [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/3dea57fc-3131-408b-a1fd-ff2eea1d858f)).Files can also be transferred using various [Web Service](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/a729feee-8e21-444e-8eea-2ec595b09931)s as well as native or otherwise present tools on the victim system.[[PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/2de4d38f-c99d-4149-89e6-0349a4902aa2)]On Windows, adversaries may use various utilities to download tools, such as `copy`, `finger`, [certutil](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/2fe21578-ee31-4ee8-b6ab-b5f76f97d043), and [PowerShell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/6ca7838a-e8ad-43e8-9da6-15b640d1cbde) commands such as IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString() and Invoke-WebRequest. On Linux and macOS systems, a variety of utilities also exist, such as `curl`, `scp`, `sftp`, `tftp`, `rsync`, `finger`, and `wget`.[[t1105_lolbas](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/80e649f5-6c74-4d66-a452-4f4cd51501da)]
Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal system usage, users often provide credentials to various different locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Credential API Hooking](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/28fd13d1-b555-47fa-9d47-caf6b1367ace)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine service (e.g. [Web Portal Capture](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/34674b83-86a7-4ad9-8b05-49b505aa5ef0)).
Adversaries may use an OSI non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive.[[Wikipedia OSI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/d1080030-12c7-4223-92ab-fb764acf111d)] Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL).ICMP communication between hosts is one example.[[Cisco Synful Knock Evolution](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/29301297-8343-4f75-8096-7fe229812f75)] Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts.[[Microsoft ICMP](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/47612548-dad1-4bf3-aa6f-a53aefa06f6a)] However, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications.
Adversaries may communicate using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088[[Symantec Elfin Mar 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/55671ede-f309-4924-a1b4-3d597517b27e)] or port 587[[Fortinet Agent Tesla April 2018](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/86a65be7-0f70-4755-b526-a26b92eabaa2)] as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.Adversaries may also make changes to victim systems to abuse non-standard ports. For example, Registry keys and other configuration settings can be used to modify protocol and port pairings.[[change_rdp_port_conti](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/c0deb077-6c26-52f1-9e7c-d1fb535a02a0)]
Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software. Credentials can then be used to perform [Lateral Movement](https://app.tidalcyber.com/tactics/50ba4930-7c8e-4ef9-bc36-70e7dae661eb) and access restricted information.Several of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.
Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system.[[Peripheral Discovery Linux](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/427b3a1b-88ea-4027-bae6-7fb45490b81d)][[Peripheral Discovery macOS](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/2a3c5216-b153-4d89-b0b1-f32af3aa83d0)] Peripheral devices could include auxiliary resources that support a variety of functionalities such as keyboards, printers, cameras, smart card readers, or removable storage. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.
Adversaries may send phishing messages to gain access to victim systems. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns.Adversaries may send victims emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to execute malicious code on victim systems. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms. Phishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasive techniques such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages (e.g., [Email Hiding Rules](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/01505d46-8675-408d-881e-68f4d8743d47)).[[Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/086c06a0-3960-5fa8-b034-cef37a3aee90)][[Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/c3eccab6-b12b-513a-9a04-396f7b3dcf63)] Another way to accomplish this is by forging or spoofing[[Proofpoint-spoof](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/fe9f7542-bbf0-5e34-b3a9-8596cc5aa754)] the identity of the sender which can be used to fool both the human recipient as well as automated security tools.[[cyberproof-double-bounce](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/4406d688-c392-5244-b438-6995f38dfc61)]Victims may also receive phishing messages that instruct them to call a phone number where they are directed to visit a malicious URL, download malware,[[sygnia Luna Month](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/3e1c2a64-8446-538d-a148-2de87991955a)][[CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/1ee55a8c-9e9d-520a-a3d3-1d2da57e0265)] or install adversary-accessible remote management tools onto their computer (i.e., [User Execution](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/b84435ab-2ff4-4b6f-ba71-b4b815474872)).[[Unit42 Luna Moth](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/ec52bcc9-6a56-5b94-8534-23c8e7ce740f)]
Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/710ae610-0556-44e5-9de9-8be6159a23dd) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.In Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/abae8f19-9497-4a71-82b6-ae6edd26ad98) utility via [cmd](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/98d89476-63ec-4baf-b2b3-86c52170f5d8) or Get-Process via [PowerShell](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/6ca7838a-e8ad-43e8-9da6-15b640d1cbde). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/1120f5ec-ef1b-4596-8d8b-a3979a766560) calls such as CreateToolhelp32Snapshot. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the ps command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via /proc.On network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/284bfbb3-99f0-4c3d-bc1f-ab74065b7907) commands such as `show processes` can be used to display current running processes.[[US-CERT-TA18-106A](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/1fe55557-94af-4697-a675-884701f70f2a)][[show_processes_cisco_cmd](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/944e529b-5e8a-54a1-b205-71dcb7dd304f)]
Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process’s memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.There are many different ways to inject code into a process, many of which abuse legitimate functionalities. These implementations exist for every major OS but are typically platform specific.More sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel.
Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to gather information about the system, configuration, and installed software.The Registry contains a significant amount of information about the operating system, configuration, software, and security.[[Wikipedia Windows Registry](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/656f0ffd-33e0-40ef-bdf7-70758f855f18)] Information can easily be queried using the [Reg](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/d796615c-fa3d-4afd-817a-1a3db8c73532) utility, though other means to access the Registry exist. Some of the information may help adversaries to further their operation within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Query Registry](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/58722f84-b119-45a8-8e29-0065688015ee) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.
Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations. Taking a screenshot is also typically possible through native utilities or API calls, such as CopyFromScreen, xwd, or screencapture.[[CopyFromScreen .NET](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/b9733af4-ffb4-416e-884e-d51649aecbce)][[Antiquated Mac Malware](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/165edb01-2681-45a3-b76b-4eb7dee5dab9)]
Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of software and software versions that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/e9bff6ff-3142-4910-8f67-19b868912602) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.Adversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable to [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/9cc715d7-9969-485f-87a2-c9f7ed3cc44c).
Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.Application access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).[[Auth0 – Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/8ec52402-7e54-463d-8906-f373e5855018)] OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.In Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an attacker may be able to steal the container’s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.[[Kubernetes Service Accounts](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a74ffa28-8a2e-4bfd-bc66-969b463bebd9)]
Token theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft’s Authorization Code Grant flow.[[Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a99d2292-be39-4e55-a952-30c9d6a3d0a3)][[Microsoft – OAuth Code Authorization flow – June 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a41c2123-8b8d-4f98-a535-e58e3e746b69)] An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials.
Adversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user’s OAuth token.[[Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/0b0f9cf6-f0af-4f86-9699-a63ff36c49e2)][[Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/7d12c764-facd-4086-acd0-5c0287344520)] The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.[[Microsoft – Azure AD App Registration – May 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/36a06c99-55ca-4163-9450-c3b84ae10039)] Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/d08a9977-9fc2-46bb-84f9-dbb5187c426d) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/8592f37d-850a-43d1-86f2-cc981ad7d7dc).[[Microsoft – Azure AD Identity Tokens – Aug 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/44767d53-8cd7-44dd-a69d-8a7bebc1d87d)]
Application access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens[[Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/84eb3d8a-f6b1-4bb5-9411-2c8da29b5946)], allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user.
An adversary may steal web application or service session cookies and use them to gain access to web applications or Internet services as an authenticated user without needing credentials. Web applications and services often use session cookies as an authentication token after a user has authenticated to a website.Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. Cookies can be found on disk, in the process memory of the browser, and in network traffic to remote systems. Additionally, other applications on the targets machine might store sensitive authentication cookies in memory (e.g. apps which authenticate to cloud services). Session cookies can be used to bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols.[[Pass The Cookie](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/dc67930f-5c7b-41be-97e9-d8f4a55e6019)]There are several examples of malware targeting cookies from web browsers on the local system.[[Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/1ed20522-52ae-4d0c-b42e-c680490958ac)][[Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/0a88e730-8ed2-4983-8f11-2cb2e4abfe3e)] There are also open source frameworks such as Evilginx 2 and Muraena that can gather session cookies through a malicious proxy (ex: [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/d98dbf30-c454-42ff-a9f3-2cd3319cc0d9)) that can be set up by an adversary and used in phishing campaigns.[[Github evilginx2](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/322e5d90-5095-47ea-b0e2-e7e5fb45fcca)][[GitHub Mauraena](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/578ecf62-b546-4f52-9d50-92557edf2dd4)]
After an adversary acquires a valid cookie, they can then perform a [Web Session Cookie](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/d36a5323-e249-44e8-9c8b-5cc9c023a5e1) technique to login to the corresponding web application.
An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/a2961a00-450e-45a5-b293-f699d9f3b4ea) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.Tools such as [Systeminfo](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/cecea681-a753-47b5-9d77-c10a5b4403ab) can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the systemsetup configuration tool on macOS. As an example, adversaries with user-level access can execute the df -aH command to obtain currently mounted disks and associated freely available space. Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/284bfbb3-99f0-4c3d-bc1f-ab74065b7907) on network devices to gather detailed system information (e.g. show version).[[US-CERT-TA18-106A](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/1fe55557-94af-4697-a675-884701f70f2a)] [System Information Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/a2961a00-450e-45a5-b293-f699d9f3b4ea) combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.[[OSX.FairyTale](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/27f8ad45-53d2-48ba-b549-f7674cf9c2e7)][[20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/3ee99ff4-daf4-4776-9d94-f7cf193c2b0c)]Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.[[Amazon Describe Instance](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/c0b6a8a4-0d94-414d-b5ab-cf5485240dee)][[Google Instances Resource](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/9733447c-072f-4da8-9cc7-0a0ce6a3b820)][[Microsoft Virutal Machine API](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/f565c237-07c5-4e9e-9879-513627517109)]
Adversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/90e6a093-3e87-4d74-8b68-38c7d7e5e93c) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.Adversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.[[FBI Ragnar Locker 2020](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/38b9b8a3-6fd3-4650-9192-14ee3f302705)][[Sophos Geolocation 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a3b7540d-20cc-4d94-8321-9fd730486f8c)][[Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a587ea99-a951-4aa8-a3cf-a4822ae97490)] Windows API functions such as GetLocaleInfoW can also be used to determine the locale of the host.[[FBI Ragnar Locker 2020](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/38b9b8a3-6fd3-4650-9192-14ee3f302705)] In cloud environments, an instance’s availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.[[AWS Instance Identity Documents](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/efff0080-59fc-4ba7-ac91-771358f68405)][[Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/66e93b75-0067-4cdb-b695-8f8109ef26e0)]Adversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.[[Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/0db470b1-ab22-4b67-a858-472e4de7c6f0)][[Sophos Geolocation 2016](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a3b7540d-20cc-4d94-8321-9fd730486f8c)]
Adversaries may try to gather information about registered local system services. Adversaries may obtain information about services using tools as well as OS utility commands such as sc query, tasklist /svc, systemctl --type=service, and net start.Adversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/e0a347e2-2ac5-458b-ab0f-18d81b6d6055) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.
An adversary may gather the system time and/or time zone from a local or remote system. The system time is set and stored by the Windows Time Service within a domain to maintain time synchronization between systems and services in an enterprise network. [[MSDN System Time](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/5e15e03b-be8b-4f3d-a3ae-0df7a4ecfbec)][[Technet Windows Time Service](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/0d908e07-abc1-40fc-b147-9b9fd483b262)]System time information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with [Net](https://app.tidalcyber.com/software/c9b8522f-126d-40ff-b44e-1f46098bd8cc) on Windows by performing net time \\hostname to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim’s time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using w32tm /tz.[[Technet Windows Time Service](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/0d908e07-abc1-40fc-b147-9b9fd483b262)]On network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/284bfbb3-99f0-4c3d-bc1f-ab74065b7907) commands such as `show clock detail` can be used to see the current time configuration.[[show_clock_detail_cisco_cmd](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a2215813-31b0-5624-92d8-479e7bd1a30b)]
This information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/0baf02af-ffaa-403f-9f0d-da51f463a1d8)[[RSA EU12 They’re Inside](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/8330ab88-9c73-4332-97d6-c1fb95b1a155)], or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting (i.e. [System Location Discovery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/90e6a093-3e87-4d74-8b68-38c7d7e5e93c)). Adversaries may also use knowledge of system time as part of a time bomb, or delaying execution until a specified date/time.[[AnyRun TimeBomb](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/cd369bf9-80a8-426f-a0aa-c9745b40696c)]
Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Bash History](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/065d1cca-8ca5-4f8b-a333-2340706f589e)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/cdac2469-52ca-42a8-aefe-0321a7e3d658)), or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/e493bf4a-0eba-4e60-a7a6-c699084dc98a)).
An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/d4a36624-50cb-43d3-95af-a2e10878a533).While [User Execution](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/b84435ab-2ff4-4b6f-ba71-b4b815474872) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user’s desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/4f4ea659-7653-4bfd-a525-b2af32c5899b).Adversaries may also deceive users into performing actions such as enabling [Remote Access Software](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/acf828f4-7e7e-43e1-bf15-ceab42021430), allowing direct control of the system to the adversary, or downloading and executing malware for [User Execution](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/b84435ab-2ff4-4b6f-ba71-b4b815474872). For example, tech support scams can be facilitated through [Phishing](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/d4a36624-50cb-43d3-95af-a2e10878a533), vishing, or various forms of user interaction. Adversaries can use a combination of these methods, such as spoofing and promoting toll-free numbers or call centers that are used to direct victims to malicious websites, to deliver and execute payloads containing malware or [Remote Access Software](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/acf828f4-7e7e-43e1-bf15-ceab42021430).[[Telephone Attack Delivery](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/9670da7b-0600-4072-9ecc-65a918b89ac5)]
Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/63baf71d-f46f-4ac8-a3a6-8345ddd2f7a8) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.[[Deloitte Environment Awareness](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/af842a1f-8f39-4b4f-b4d2-0bbb810e6c31)]Adversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/63baf71d-f46f-4ac8-a3a6-8345ddd2f7a8) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.[[Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/42d35b93-2866-46d8-b8ff-675df05db9db)]
Adversaries may abuse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious commands and payloads. WMI is an administration feature that provides a uniform environment to access Windows system components. The WMI service enables both local and remote access, though the latter is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/30ef3f13-5e9b-4712-9adf-f0da4ef157a1) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/ebc5fabb-5634-49f2-8979-94ea98da114a) (DCOM) and [Windows Remote Management](https://app.tidalcyber.com/technique/c2866fd3-754e-4b40-897a-e73a8c1fcf7b) (WinRM).[[MSDN WMI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/210ca539-71f6-4494-91ea-402a3e0e2a10)] Remote WMI over DCOM operates using port 135, whereas WMI over WinRM operates over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS.[[MSDN WMI](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/210ca539-71f6-4494-91ea-402a3e0e2a10)][[FireEye WMI 2015](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/135ccd72-2714-4453-9c8f-f5fde31905ee)]An adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to execute various behaviors, such as gathering information for Discovery as well as remote Execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. [[FireEye WMI SANS 2015](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/a9333ef5-5637-4a4c-9aaf-fdc9daf8b860)][[FireEye WMI 2015](https://app.tidalcyber.com/references/135ccd72-2714-4453-9c8f-f5fde31905ee)]
